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1 component of nature
componente de naturaleza; componente de paisajeEnglish-Spanish dictionary of Geography > component of nature
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2 component of nature
English-French dictionary of Geography > component of nature
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3 component of nature
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4 nature
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5 nature
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6 nature
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7 NCC
1) Общая лексика: National Competition Council (Australia)2) Компьютерная техника: national control center3) Авиация: Naval Component Authority4) Медицина: некоронарная створка (некоронарный лепесток аортально клапана) (non coronary cusp), National Cancer Center5) Американизм: National Capital Commissioner, Non Conformity Certificates6) Военный термин: NORAD Control Center, National Cadet Corps, National Command Center, National Communications Command, National Computing Centre, National Cryptologic Command, Naval Command Center, Naval Command Commission, Naval Commissioning Code, Naval Communications Command, Naval Component Command, Naval Component Commander, Naval Construction Class, Naval Construction Community, Naval Construction Company, Naval Construction Contract, Naval Construction Corps, Naval Contract Code, Navigation Control Center, Navy Command Center, Net Control Center, Noncombatant Corps, navigation computer control, navigation control console, network coordination center, numerical control code, ЛС небоевых частей и подразделений7) Техника: natural convection cool down, neutron coincidence collar8) Религия: No Christian Commitment9) Юридический термин: Non Coroner's Case10) Ветеринария: National Cat Corporation11) Грубое выражение: No Crap Challenge12) Сокращение: NORAD Command Center (USA), National (US) Computer Conference, National Conservancy Council, National Consultative Conference, National Consumer Congress, Network Control Centre, Northwood Control Centre (UK), normally closed contact, National Council of Churches, Network Contro Center13) Университет: Northampton Community College14) Электроника: размыкающий контакт15) Вычислительная техника: National (US) Council of Churches, Network Control / Coordination Center, Network Control Computer16) Нефть: natural color composite17) Транспорт: Navigation Command Center, Navigation Control Centre, Net Cargo Capacity18) Пищевая промышленность: Non Coloration Compound19) Фирменный знак: NISSAN COMPUTER Corporation, National Caster Corporation, National Certification Corporation, Network And Computer Consultants, Networking Computer Consultants, Nordic Construction Company20) Экология: National Climatic Center, Nature Conservancy Council21) Деловая лексика: National Clearing Corporation, No Credit Card, Norsk Clearing Central22) Сетевые технологии: Network Color Code, network control center, центр управления сетью23) Программирование: Non Canon Character24) Автоматика: numerical contouring control25) Химическое оружие: new construction contractor26) Безопасность: No Cycle Checking27) Расширение файла: Computer Numeric Control control file, Network Computer Center28) Военно-политический термин: Network Communications Centre29) Каспий: North Caspian Constructors (на Кашагане)30) Электротехника: no-current condition31) Фармация: No Characteristic Change32) Общественная организация: National Cancer Coalition, National Clean Cities, National Constitution Center, Neighborhood Capital Corporation33) Должность: National Certified Counselor, National Counselor Certification34) NYSE. National City Corporation35) Программное обеспечение: National Collaborating Centre -
8 ncc
1) Общая лексика: National Competition Council (Australia)2) Компьютерная техника: national control center3) Авиация: Naval Component Authority4) Медицина: некоронарная створка (некоронарный лепесток аортально клапана) (non coronary cusp), National Cancer Center5) Американизм: National Capital Commissioner, Non Conformity Certificates6) Военный термин: NORAD Control Center, National Cadet Corps, National Command Center, National Communications Command, National Computing Centre, National Cryptologic Command, Naval Command Center, Naval Command Commission, Naval Commissioning Code, Naval Communications Command, Naval Component Command, Naval Component Commander, Naval Construction Class, Naval Construction Community, Naval Construction Company, Naval Construction Contract, Naval Construction Corps, Naval Contract Code, Navigation Control Center, Navy Command Center, Net Control Center, Noncombatant Corps, navigation computer control, navigation control console, network coordination center, numerical control code, ЛС небоевых частей и подразделений7) Техника: natural convection cool down, neutron coincidence collar8) Религия: No Christian Commitment9) Юридический термин: Non Coroner's Case10) Ветеринария: National Cat Corporation11) Грубое выражение: No Crap Challenge12) Сокращение: NORAD Command Center (USA), National (US) Computer Conference, National Conservancy Council, National Consultative Conference, National Consumer Congress, Network Control Centre, Northwood Control Centre (UK), normally closed contact, National Council of Churches, Network Contro Center13) Университет: Northampton Community College14) Электроника: размыкающий контакт15) Вычислительная техника: National (US) Council of Churches, Network Control / Coordination Center, Network Control Computer16) Нефть: natural color composite17) Транспорт: Navigation Command Center, Navigation Control Centre, Net Cargo Capacity18) Пищевая промышленность: Non Coloration Compound19) Фирменный знак: NISSAN COMPUTER Corporation, National Caster Corporation, National Certification Corporation, Network And Computer Consultants, Networking Computer Consultants, Nordic Construction Company20) Экология: National Climatic Center, Nature Conservancy Council21) Деловая лексика: National Clearing Corporation, No Credit Card, Norsk Clearing Central22) Сетевые технологии: Network Color Code, network control center, центр управления сетью23) Программирование: Non Canon Character24) Автоматика: numerical contouring control25) Химическое оружие: new construction contractor26) Безопасность: No Cycle Checking27) Расширение файла: Computer Numeric Control control file, Network Computer Center28) Военно-политический термин: Network Communications Centre29) Каспий: North Caspian Constructors (на Кашагане)30) Электротехника: no-current condition31) Фармация: No Characteristic Change32) Общественная организация: National Cancer Coalition, National Clean Cities, National Constitution Center, Neighborhood Capital Corporation33) Должность: National Certified Counselor, National Counselor Certification34) NYSE. National City Corporation35) Программное обеспечение: National Collaborating Centre -
9 essential
1. adjective1) (fundamental) wesentlich [Unterschied, Merkmal, Aspekt]; entscheidend [Frage]2) (indispensable) unentbehrlich; lebenswichtig [Nahrungsmittel, Güter]; unabdingbar [Erfordernis, Qualifikation, Voraussetzung]; unbedingt notwendig [Bestandteile, Maßnahmen, Ausrüstung]; wesentlich, entscheidend [Rolle]essential to life — lebensnotwendig od. -wichtig
2. noun, esp. in pl.it is [absolutely or most] essential that... — es ist unbedingt notwendig, dass...
1) (indispensable element) Notwendigste, das2) (fundamental element) Wesentliche, dasthe essentials of French grammar — die Grundzüge der französischen Grammatik
* * *[i'senʃəl] 1. adjective(absolutely necessary: Strong boots are essential for mountaineering; It is essential that you arrive punctually.) wesentlich2. noun(a thing that is fundamental or necessary: Everyone should learn the essentials of first aid; Is a television set an essential?) das Wesentliche- academic.ru/25041/essentially">essentially* * *es·sen·tial[ɪˈsen(t)ʃəl]I. adj1. (indispensable) unbedingt erforderlich, unentbehrlich, unverzichtbarit is \essential to record the data accurately eine genaue Aufzeichnung der Daten ist unabdingbar\essential vitamins lebensnotwendige [o lebenswichtige] [o fachspr essenzielle] Vitamine▪ to be \essential to [or for] sb/sth für jdn/etw von größter Wichtigkeit seinit is \essential [that] our prices remain competitive unsere Preise müssen unbedingt wettbewerbsfähig bleiben\essential component Grundbestandteil m\essential subject zentrales ThemaI regard my car as an \essential mein Auto ist für mich absolut unverzichtbarthe \essentials of Spanish die Grundzüge des Spanischenthe bare \essentials das [Aller]nötigsteto be reduced to its \essentials auf das Wesentliche reduziert werden* * *[I'senSəl]1. adj1) (= necessary, vital) (unbedingt or absolut) erforderlich or notwendig; services, supplies lebenswichtigit is essential to act quickly —
it is essential that he come(s) — es ist absolut or unbedingt erforderlich, dass er kommt, er muss unbedingt kommen
it is essential that you understand this — du musst das unbedingt verstehen
this is of essential importance — dies ist von entscheidender Bedeutung
certain vitamins are essential for good health — bestimmte Vitamine sind für die Gesundheit unerlässlich
the essential thing is to... — wichtig ist vor allem, zu...
2) (= of the essence, basic) wesentlich, essenziell (geh), essentiell (geh); (PHILOS) essenziell, essentiell, wesenhaft; question, role entscheidendthe essential feature of his personality — der Grundzug or der grundlegende Zug seiner Persönlichkeit
I don't doubt his essential goodness — ich zweifle nicht an, dass er im Grunde ein guter Mensch ist
to establish the essential nature of the problem —
to establish the essential nature of the disease — feststellen, worum es sich bei dieser Krankheit eigentlich handelt
2. n1)(= necessary thing)
a compass is an essential for mountain climbing — ein Kompass ist unbedingt notwendig zum Bergsteigenthe first essential is to privatize the industry — als Erstes muss die Industrie unbedingt privatisiert werden
just bring the essentials — bring nur das Allernotwendigste mit
with only the bare essentials — nur mit dem Allernotwendigsten ausgestattet
the essentials of German grammar — die Grundlagen pl or die Grundzüge pl der deutschen Grammatik
* * *essential [ıˈsenʃl]1. wesentlich:a) grundlegend, fundamentalb) inner(er, e, es), eigentlich, (lebens)wichtig, unentbehrlich, unbedingt erforderlich (to, for für):essential to life lebensnotwendig, -wichtig;it is essential for both of them to come es ist unbedingt erforderlich, dass sie beide kommen;essential goods lebenswichtige Güter;2. CHEM rein, destilliert:essential oil ätherisches Öl3. MUS Haupt…, Grund…:essential chord Grundakkord mB s meist pl1. (das) Wesentliche oder Wichtigste, Hauptsache f, wesentliche Umstände pl oder Punkte pl oder Bestandteile pl:the bare essentials das Allernotwendigste2. (wesentliche) Voraussetzung (to für):3. unentbehrliche Person oder Sache* * *1. adjective1) (fundamental) wesentlich [Unterschied, Merkmal, Aspekt]; entscheidend [Frage]2) (indispensable) unentbehrlich; lebenswichtig [Nahrungsmittel, Güter]; unabdingbar [Erfordernis, Qualifikation, Voraussetzung]; unbedingt notwendig [Bestandteile, Maßnahmen, Ausrüstung]; wesentlich, entscheidend [Rolle]essential to life — lebensnotwendig od. -wichtig
2. noun, esp. in pl.it is [absolutely or most] essential that... — es ist unbedingt notwendig, dass...
1) (indispensable element) Notwendigste, das2) (fundamental element) Wesentliche, das* * *adj.Pflicht- präfix.notwendig adj.wesentlich adj. n.wesentlich adj. -
10 Knowledge
It is indeed an opinion strangely prevailing amongst men, that houses, mountains, rivers, and, in a word, all sensible objects, have an existence, natural or real, distinct from their being perceived by the understanding. But, with how great an assurance and acquiescence soever this principle may be entertained in the world, yet whoever shall find in his heart to call it into question may, if I mistake not, perceive it to involve a manifest contradiction. For, what are the forementioned objects but things we perceive by sense? and what do we perceive besides our own ideas or sensations? and is it not plainly repugnant that any one of these, or any combination of them, should exist unperceived? (Berkeley, 1996, Pt. I, No. 4, p. 25)It seems to me that the only objects of the abstract sciences or of demonstration are quantity and number, and that all attempts to extend this more perfect species of knowledge beyond these bounds are mere sophistry and illusion. As the component parts of quantity and number are entirely similar, their relations become intricate and involved; and nothing can be more curious, as well as useful, than to trace, by a variety of mediums, their equality or inequality, through their different appearances.But as all other ideas are clearly distinct and different from each other, we can never advance farther, by our utmost scrutiny, than to observe this diversity, and, by an obvious reflection, pronounce one thing not to be another. Or if there be any difficulty in these decisions, it proceeds entirely from the undeterminate meaning of words, which is corrected by juster definitions. That the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the squares of the other two sides cannot be known, let the terms be ever so exactly defined, without a train of reasoning and enquiry. But to convince us of this proposition, that where there is no property, there can be no injustice, it is only necessary to define the terms, and explain injustice to be a violation of property. This proposition is, indeed, nothing but a more imperfect definition. It is the same case with all those pretended syllogistical reasonings, which may be found in every other branch of learning, except the sciences of quantity and number; and these may safely, I think, be pronounced the only proper objects of knowledge and demonstration. (Hume, 1975, Sec. 12, Pt. 3, pp. 163-165)Our knowledge springs from two fundamental sources of the mind; the first is the capacity of receiving representations (the ability to receive impressions), the second is the power to know an object through these representations (spontaneity in the production of concepts).Through the first, an object is given to us; through the second, the object is thought in relation to that representation.... Intuition and concepts constitute, therefore, the elements of all our knowledge, so that neither concepts without intuition in some way corresponding to them, nor intuition without concepts, can yield knowledge. Both may be either pure or empirical.... Pure intuitions or pure concepts are possible only a priori; empirical intuitions and empirical concepts only a posteriori. If the receptivity of our mind, its power of receiving representations in so far as it is in any way affected, is to be called "sensibility," then the mind's power of producing representations from itself, the spontaneity of knowledge, should be called "understanding." Our nature is so constituted that our intuitions can never be other than sensible; that is, it contains only the mode in which we are affected by objects. The faculty, on the other hand, which enables us to think the object of sensible intuition is the understanding.... Without sensibility, no object would be given to us; without understanding, no object would be thought. Thoughts without content are empty; intuitions without concepts are blind. It is therefore just as necessary to make our concepts sensible, that is, to add the object to them in intuition, as to make our intuitions intelligible, that is to bring them under concepts. These two powers or capacities cannot exchange their functions. The understanding can intuit nothing, the senses can think nothing. Only through their union can knowledge arise. (Kant, 1933, Sec. 1, Pt. 2, B74-75 [p. 92])Metaphysics, as a natural disposition of Reason is real, but it is also, in itself, dialectical and deceptive.... Hence to attempt to draw our principles from it, and in their employment to follow this natural but none the less fallacious illusion can never produce science, but only an empty dialectical art, in which one school may indeed outdo the other, but none can ever attain a justifiable and lasting success. In order that, as a science, it may lay claim not merely to deceptive persuasion, but to insight and conviction, a Critique of Reason must exhibit in a complete system the whole stock of conceptions a priori, arranged according to their different sources-the Sensibility, the understanding, and the Reason; it must present a complete table of these conceptions, together with their analysis and all that can be deduced from them, but more especially the possibility of synthetic knowledge a priori by means of their deduction, the principles of its use, and finally, its boundaries....This much is certain: he who has once tried criticism will be sickened for ever of all the dogmatic trash he was compelled to content himself with before, because his Reason, requiring something, could find nothing better for its occupation. Criticism stands to the ordinary school metaphysics exactly in the same relation as chemistry to alchemy, or as astron omy to fortune-telling astrology. I guarantee that no one who has comprehended and thought out the conclusions of criticism, even in these Prolegomena, will ever return to the old sophistical pseudo-science. He will rather look forward with a kind of pleasure to a metaphysics, certainly now within his power, which requires no more preparatory discoveries, and which alone can procure for reason permanent satisfaction. (Kant, 1891, pp. 115-116)Knowledge is only real and can only be set forth fully in the form of science, in the form of system. Further, a so-called fundamental proposition or first principle of philosophy, even if it is true, it is yet none the less false, just because and in so far as it is merely a fundamental proposition, merely a first principle. It is for that reason easily refuted. The refutation consists in bringing out its defective character; and it is defective because it is merely the universal, merely a principle, the beginning. If the refutation is complete and thorough, it is derived and developed from the nature of the principle itself, and not accomplished by bringing in from elsewhere other counter-assurances and chance fancies. It would be strictly the development of the principle, and thus the completion of its deficiency, were it not that it misunderstands its own purport by taking account solely of the negative aspect of what it seeks to do, and is not conscious of the positive character of its process and result. The really positive working out of the beginning is at the same time just as much the very reverse: it is a negative attitude towards the principle we start from. Negative, that is to say, in its one-sided form, which consists in being primarily immediate, a mere purpose. It may therefore be regarded as a refutation of what constitutes the basis of the system; but more correctly it should be looked at as a demonstration that the basis or principle of the system is in point of fact merely its beginning. (Hegel, 1910, pp. 21-22)Knowledge, action, and evaluation are essentially connected. The primary and pervasive significance of knowledge lies in its guidance of action: knowing is for the sake of doing. And action, obviously, is rooted in evaluation. For a being which did not assign comparative values, deliberate action would be pointless; and for one which did not know, it would be impossible. Conversely, only an active being could have knowledge, and only such a being could assign values to anything beyond his own feelings. A creature which did not enter into the process of reality to alter in some part the future content of it, could apprehend a world only in the sense of intuitive or esthetic contemplation; and such contemplation would not possess the significance of knowledge but only that of enjoying and suffering. (Lewis, 1946, p. 1)"Evolutionary epistemology" is a branch of scholarship that applies the evolutionary perspective to an understanding of how knowledge develops. Knowledge always involves getting information. The most primitive way of acquiring it is through the sense of touch: amoebas and other simple organisms know what happens around them only if they can feel it with their "skins." The knowledge such an organism can have is strictly about what is in its immediate vicinity. After a huge jump in evolution, organisms learned to find out what was going on at a distance from them, without having to actually feel the environment. This jump involved the development of sense organs for processing information that was farther away. For a long time, the most important sources of knowledge were the nose, the eyes, and the ears. The next big advance occurred when organisms developed memory. Now information no longer needed to be present at all, and the animal could recall events and outcomes that happened in the past. Each one of these steps in the evolution of knowledge added important survival advantages to the species that was equipped to use it.Then, with the appearance in evolution of humans, an entirely new way of acquiring information developed. Up to this point, the processing of information was entirely intrasomatic.... But when speech appeared (and even more powerfully with the invention of writing), information processing became extrasomatic. After that point knowledge did not have to be stored in the genes, or in the memory traces of the brain; it could be passed on from one person to another through words, or it could be written down and stored on a permanent substance like stone, paper, or silicon chips-in any case, outside the fragile and impermanent nervous system. (Csikszentmihalyi, 1993, pp. 56-57)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Knowledge
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11 asymptotic
1) асимптотический
2) асимптотика
3) полусходящийся ∙ arcwise asymptotic value ≈ дуговое асимптотическое значение asymptotic confidence interval ≈ асимптотический доверительный интервал asymptotic equipartition property ≈ свойство асимптотической равнораспределенности asymptotic essential component ≈ асимптотическая существенная компонента asymptotic expansion formula ≈ формула асимптотического разложения ( функции) asymptotic passage theorem ≈ теорема об асимптотическом поведении переходных вероятностей asymptotic power series expansion ≈ разложение в асимптотический степенной ряд asymptotic sequential design ≈ асимптотический последовательный план basic asymptotic estimate ≈ основная асимптотическая оценка central asymptotic problem ≈ центральная асимптотическая проблема doubly asymptotic triangle ≈ дважды асимптотический треугольник first asymptotic distribution ≈ первое предельное распределение multiply asymptotic series ≈ многократно асимптотический ряд negatively asymptotic point ≈ отрицательно асимптотическая точка pointwise asymptotic value ≈ точечное асимптотическое значение positively asymptotic point ≈ положительно асимптотическая точка simple asymptotic sieve ≈ простое асимптотическое решето trebly asymptotic triangle ≈ трижды асимптотический треугольник uniform asymptotic representation ≈ равномерное асимптотическое представление virtually asymptotic net ≈ виртуально асимптотическая сеть - asymptotic expression - asymptotic fairness - asymptotic fibration - asymptotic field - asymptotic flatness - asymptotic form - asymptotic formula - asymptotic frequency - asymptotic function - asymptotic geodesic - asymptotic growth - asymptotic helicity - asymptotic hexagon - asymptotic hyperplane - asymptotic inadmissibility - asymptotic independence - asymptotic inequality - asymptotic information - asymptotic integration - asymptotic interpolation - asymptotic invariance - asymptotic iteration - asymptotic law - asymptotic learning - asymptotic likelihood - asymptotic limit - asymptotic line - asymptotic linearity - asymptotic mean - asymptotic method - asymptotic mimimum - asymptotic minimax - asymptotic model - asymptotic moment - asymptotic nature - asymptotic negligibility - asymptotic net - asymptotic normalcy - asymptotic normality - asymptotic operator - asymptotic optimality - asymptotic optimum - asymptotic order - asymptotic parabola - asymptotic parallel - asymptotic path - asymptotic period - asymptotic phase - asymptotic plane - asymptotic point - asymptotic power - asymptotic prediction - asymptotic prime - asymptotic probability - asymptotic problem - asymptotic property - asymptotic proportionality - asymptotic ratio - asymptotic recurrence - asymptotic region - asymptotic relation - asymptotic representation - asymptotic resolvent - asymptotic restriction - asymptotic result - asymptotic root - asymptotic scaling - asymptotic semiform - asymptotic sequence - asymptotic series - asymptotic set - asymptotic shape - asymptotic sieve - asymptotic simplicity - asymptotic slope - asymptotic smallness - asymptotic solution - asymptotic spot - asymptotic stability - asymptotic state - asymptotic sufficiency - asymptotic sum - asymptotic surface - asymptotic symbol - asymptotic symmetry - asymptotic technique - asymptotic test - asymptotic theor - asymptotic theorem - asymptotic tract - asymptotic trajectory - asymptotic transformation - asymptotic triangle - asymptotic twistor - asymptotic unbiasedness - asymptotic value - asymptotic variable - asymptotic variance - asymptotic vector - isothermally asymptoticасимптотическийasymptotic асимптотическийБольшой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > asymptotic
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12 balance
1) баланс; равновесие2) уравновешивание; балансировка || уравновешивать(ся); балансировать3) весы4) компенсация || компенсировать5) строит. противовес6) симметрия || симметрировать10) итог; остаток•to balance cuts and fills — уравновешивать объём выемок и насыпей ( при производстве земляных работ);to open a balance — открывать (пускать) весыbalance of roof — пята свода ( печи)-
active power balance
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aerodynamic balance
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air-damped balance
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Ampere balance
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analytical balance
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antenna balance
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assay balance
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available energy balance
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back balance
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beam balance
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black balance
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bridge balance
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carbon-gas balance
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centesimal balance
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channel balance
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chemical balance
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coal-cleaning balance
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color balance
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component balance
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conveyor balance
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corn balance
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crane balance
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cultural balance
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current balance
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damped balance
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decimal balance
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density balance
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dial balance
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dredge and fill balance
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dynamic balance
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ecological balance
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Edmond balance
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electric balance
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energy balance
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enthalpy balance
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equal-arm balance
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fission balance
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free-swing balance
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gas balance
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governor weights balance
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gray balance
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gray-scale balance
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hanging-type spring balance
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heat balance
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horn balance
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hydraulic balance
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hydrologic balance
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hydrophilic-lipophilic balance
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induction balance
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Jolly balance
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knife-edge balance
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large balance
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low-capacity balance
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magnetic balance
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mass balance
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material balance
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moisture balance
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mud balance
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negative balance
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neutron balance
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one-pan balance
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oxygen balance
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perfect balance
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photovoltaic balance
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plane balance
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plasma balance
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plating balance
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positive balance
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pressure balance
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propeller balance
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radiative balance
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reactive power balance
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reactivity balance
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rider-bar balance
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river-basin balance
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roll balance
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Roman balance
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sash balance
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sealed internal balance
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sediment balance
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spring balance
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standard balance
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standing balance
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static balance
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steady-state oxygen balance
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steelyard-type balance
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steelyard balance
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supply-demand balance
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taring balance
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temperature balance
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three-knife balance
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tonal balance
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torsion balance
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undamped balance
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voltage balance
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wagon balance
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water balance
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white balance -
13 management
1) управление; руководство; организация; координация2) руководящий [административный\] персонал, администрация; дирекция•-
active load management
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air traffic management
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airport management
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communications management
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communication management
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component management
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data management
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database management
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demand management
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energy management
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engine management
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environmental management
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file management
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flight energy management
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floodplain management
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flow-through chip management
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forest management
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frequency management
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fuel management
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industrial load management
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integrated ground and surface water management
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integrated management
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job management
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key management
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land management
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library management
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load management
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machine management
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management of irrigation system
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management of maintenance
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management of water flow
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materials logistics management
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memory management
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mine management
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mining management
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nature management
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network management
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operational management
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organizational management
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overhaul management
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parts reusability management
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personnel management
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program management
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quality management
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recondition management
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residential load management
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resource management
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river-basin management
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service management
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spectrum management
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storm-water management
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system management
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task management
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tool management
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waste management
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water management
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water system management
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watershed management
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wildlife management -
14 metaphor
transference of names based on the associated likeness between two objects, on the similarity of one feature common to two different entities, on possessing one common characteristic, on linguistic semantic nearness, on a common component in their semantic structures."pancake" for the "sun" (round, hot, yellow)
"silver dust" and "sequins" for "stars"
The expressiveness is promoted by the implicit simultaneous presence of images of both objects - the one which is actually named and the one which supplies its own "legal" name, while each one enters a phrase in the complexity of its other characteristics.The wider is the gap between the associated objects the more striking and unexpected - the more expressive - is the metaphor.His voice was a dagger of corroded brass. (S.Lewis)
They walked alone, two continents of experience and feeling, unable to communicate. (W.S.Gilbert)
Source: V.A.K.••a) the power of realising two lexical meanings simultaneouslyb) a SD when two different phenomena (things, events, ideas, actions) are simultaneously brought to mind by the imposition of some or all of the inherent properties of one object on the other which by nature is deprived of these propertiesSource: I.R.G.••скрытое сравнение, основанное на ассоциации по сходству, осуществляемое путём применения названия одного предмета к другому и выявляющее таким образом какую-нибудь важную черту второго (I.V.A.)English-Russian dictionary of stylistics (terminology and examples) > metaphor
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15 binding
1. n переплёт2. n связывание3. n вязка снопов; уборка сноповязалкойmodule binding — увязка модулей; связывание модулей
4. n обвязка, обшивка; оковка5. n спец. бандаж; связь6. n сращивание7. n накладывание ловчего пояса на ствол дерева8. n крепление9. n физ. хим. связь10. a связующийbinding material — связующий материал, вяжущее
11. a вяжущий12. a обязывающий, обязательныйbinding precedent — прецедент, имеющий обязательную силу
Синонимический ряд:1. required (adj.) committing; essential; necessary; obligatory; required; requisite2. restraining (adj.) confining; hobbling; limiting; restraining; restrictive; tying3. coupling (noun) adhesive; band; coupling; fastener; junction; wire; wrapper4. associating (verb) affiliating; allying; associating; combining; connecting; joining; linking; relating5. charging (verb) charging; committing; obligating; pledging6. dressing (verb) bandaging; dressing7. tying (verb) fastening; knotting; securing; tie up; tying; tying up -
16 fiber
1. стекловолокно; световод; светопровод2. волокно; фибра; нить3. волокно; волоконныйfiber reinforced material — материал, армированный волокном
Синонимический ряд:1. character (noun) character; constitution; grain; makeup; temperament2. essential element (noun) being; essential element; nature; quality; quintessence; tissue; warp and woof3. filament (noun) connective tissue; cord; filament; hair; rootlet; shred; strand; string; tendril; thread; threadlike component4. texture (noun) fabric; texture; web -
17 Davy, Sir Humphry
[br]b. 17 December 1778 Penzance, Cornwall, Englandd. 29 May 1829 Geneva, Switzerland[br]English chemist, discoverer of the alkali and alkaline earth metals and the halogens, inventor of the miner's safety lamp.[br]Educated at the Latin School at Penzance and from 1792 at Truro Grammar School, Davy was apprenticed to a surgeon in Penzance. In 1797 he began to teach himself chemistry by reading, among other works, Lavoisier's elementary treatise on chemistry. In 1798 Dr Thomas Beddoes of Bristol engaged him as assistant in setting up his Pneumatic Institution to pioneer the medical application of the newly discovered gases, especially oxygen.In 1799 he discovered the anaesthetic properties of nitrous oxide, discovered not long before by the chemist Joseph Priestley. He also noted its intoxicating qualities, on account of which it was dubbed "laughing-gas". Two years later Count Rumford, founder of the Royal Institution in 1800, appointed Davy Assistant Lecturer, and the following year Professor. His lecturing ability soon began to attract large audiences, making science both popular and fashionable.Davy was stimulated by Volta's invention of the voltaic pile, or electric battery, to construct one for himself in 1800. That enabled him to embark on the researches into electrochemistry by which is chiefly known. In 1807 he tried decomposing caustic soda and caustic potash, hitherto regarded as elements, by electrolysis and obtained the metals sodium and potassium. He went on to discover the metals barium, strontium, calcium and magnesium by the same means. Next, he turned his attention to chlorine, which was then regarded as an oxide in accordance with Lavoisier's theory that oxygen was the essential component of acids; Davy failed to decompose it, however, even with the aid of electricity and concluded that it was an element, thus disproving Lavoisier's view of the nature of acids. In 1812 Davy published his Elements of Chemical Philosophy, in which he presented his chemical ideas without, however, committing himself to the atomic theory, recently advanced by John Dalton.In 1813 Davy engaged Faraday as Assistant, perhaps his greatest service to science. In April 1815 Davy was asked to assist in the development of a miner's lamp which could be safely used in a firedamp (methane) laden atmosphere. The "Davy lamp", which emerged in January 1816, had its flame completely surrounded by a fine wire mesh; George Stephenson's lamp, based on a similar principle, had been introduced into the Northumberland pits several months earlier, and a bitter controversy as to priority of invention ensued, but it was Davy who was awarded the prize for inventing a successful safety lamp.In 1824 Davy was the first to suggest the possibility of conferring cathodic protection to the copper bottoms of naval vessels by the use of sacrificial electrodes. Zinc and iron were found to be equally effective in inhibiting corrosion, although the scheme was later abandoned when it was found that ships protected in this way were rapidly fouled by weeds and barnacles.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1812. FRS 1803; President, Royal Society 1820. Royal Society Copley Medal 1805.Bibliography1812, Elements of Chemical Philosophy.1839–40, The Collected Works of Sir Humphry Davy, 9 vols, ed. John Davy, London.Further ReadingJ.Davy, 1836, Memoirs of the Life of Sir Humphry Davy, London (a classic biography). J.A.Paris, 1831, The Life of Sir Humphry Davy, London (a classic biography). H.Hartley, 1967, Humphry Davy, London (a more recent biography).J.Z.Fullmer, 1969, Cambridge, Mass, (a bibliography of Davy's works).ASD -
18 Williams, Sir Frederic Calland
SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology[br]b. 26 June 1911 Stockport, Cheshire, Englandd. 11 August 1977 Prestbury, Cheshire, England[br]English electrical engineer who invented the Williams storage cathode ray tube, which was extensively used worldwide as a data memory in the first digital computers.[br]Following education at Stockport Grammar School, Williams entered Manchester University in 1929, gaining his BSc in 1932 and MSc in 1933. After a short time as a college apprentice with Metropolitan Vickers, he went to Magdalen College, Oxford, to study for a DPhil, which he was awarded in 1936. He returned to Manchester University that year as an assistant lecturer, gaining his DSc in 1939. Following the outbreak of the Second World War he worked for the Scientific Civil Service, initially at the Bawdsey Research Station and then at the Telecommunications Research Establishment at Malvern, Worcestershire. There he was involved in research on non-incandescent amplifiers and diode rectifiers and the development of the first practical radar system capable of identifying friendly aircraft. Later in the war, he devised an automatic radar system suitable for use by fighter aircraft.After the war he resumed his academic career at Manchester, becoming Professor of Electrical Engineering and Director of the University Electrotechnical Laboratory in 1946. In the same year he succeeded in developing a data-memory device based on the cathode ray tube, in which the information was stored and read by electron-beam scanning of a charge-retaining target. The Williams storage tube, as it became known, not only found obvious later use as a means of storing single-frame, still television images but proved to be a vital component of the pioneering Manchester University MkI digital computer. Because it enabled both data and program instructions to be stored in the computer, it was soon used worldwide in the development of the early stored-program computers.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1976. OBE 1945. CBE 1961. FRS 1950. Hon. DSc Durham 1964, Sussex 1971, Wales 1971. First Royal Society of Arts Benjamin Franklin Medal 1957. City of Philadelphia John Scott Award 1960. Royal Society Hughes Medal 1963. Institution of Electrical Engineers Faraday Medal 1972. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Pioneer Award 1973.BibliographyWilliams contributed papers to many scientific journals, including Proceedings of the Royal Society, Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Wireless Engineer, Post Office Electrical Engineers' Journal. Note especially: 1948, with J.Kilburn, "Electronic digital computers", Nature 162:487; 1949, with J.Kilburn, "A storage system for use with binary digital computing machines", Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers 96:81; 1975, "Early computers at Manchester University", Radio \& Electronic Engineer 45:327. Williams also collaborated in the writing of vols 19 and 20 of the MIT RadiationLaboratory Series.Further ReadingB.Randell, 1973, The Origins of Digital Computers, Berlin: Springer-Verlag. M.R.Williams, 1985, A History of Computing Technology, London: Prentice-Hall. See also: Stibitz, George R.; Strachey, Christopher.KFBiographical history of technology > Williams, Sir Frederic Calland
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19 Creativity
Put in this bald way, these aims sound utopian. How utopian they areor rather, how imminent their realization-depends on how broadly or narrowly we interpret the term "creative." If we are willing to regard all human complex problem solving as creative, then-as we will point out-successful programs for problem solving mechanisms that simulate human problem solvers already exist, and a number of their general characteristics are known. If we reserve the term "creative" for activities like discovery of the special theory of relativity or the composition of Beethoven's Seventh Symphony, then no example of a creative mechanism exists at the present time. (Simon, 1979, pp. 144-145)Among the questions that can now be given preliminary answers in computational terms are the following: how can ideas from very different sources be spontaneously thought of together? how can two ideas be merged to produce a new structure, which shows the influence of both ancestor ideas without being a mere "cut-and-paste" combination? how can the mind be "primed," so that one will more easily notice serendipitous ideas? why may someone notice-and remember-something fairly uninteresting, if it occurs in an interesting context? how can a brief phrase conjure up an entire melody from memory? and how can we accept two ideas as similar ("love" and "prove" as rhyming, for instance) in respect of a feature not identical in both? The features of connectionist AI models that suggest answers to these questions are their powers of pattern completion, graceful degradation, sensitization, multiple constraint satisfaction, and "best-fit" equilibration.... Here, the important point is that the unconscious, "insightful," associative aspects of creativity can be explained-in outline, at least-by AI methods. (Boden, 1996, p. 273)There thus appears to be an underlying similarity in the process involved in creative innovation and social independence, with common traits and postures required for expression of both behaviors. The difference is one of product-literary, musical, artistic, theoretical products on the one hand, opinions on the other-rather than one of process. In both instances the individual must believe that his perceptions are meaningful and valid and be willing to rely upon his own interpretations. He must trust himself sufficiently that even when persons express opinions counter to his own he can proceed on the basis of his own perceptions and convictions. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 58)he average level of ego strength and emotional stability is noticeably higher among creative geniuses than among the general population, though it is possibly lower than among men of comparable intelligence and education who go into administrative and similar positions. High anxiety and excitability appear common (e.g. Priestley, Darwin, Kepler) but full-blown neurosis is quite rare. (Cattell & Butcher, 1970, p. 315)he insight that is supposed to be required for such work as discovery turns out to be synonymous with the familiar process of recognition; and other terms commonly used in the discussion of creative work-such terms as "judgment," "creativity," or even "genius"-appear to be wholly dispensable or to be definable, as insight is, in terms of mundane and well-understood concepts. (Simon, 1989, p. 376)From the sketch material still in existence, from the condition of the fragments, and from the autographs themselves we can draw definite conclusions about Mozart's creative process. To invent musical ideas he did not need any stimulation; they came to his mind "ready-made" and in polished form. In contrast to Beethoven, who made numerous attempts at shaping his musical ideas until he found the definitive formulation of a theme, Mozart's first inspiration has the stamp of finality. Any Mozart theme has completeness and unity; as a phenomenon it is a Gestalt. (Herzmann, 1964, p. 28)Great artists enlarge the limits of one's perception. Looking at the world through the eyes of Rembrandt or Tolstoy makes one able to perceive aspects of truth about the world which one could not have achieved without their aid. Freud believed that science was adaptive because it facilitated mastery of the external world; but was it not the case that many scientific theories, like works of art, also originated in phantasy? Certainly, reading accounts of scientific discovery by men of the calibre of Einstein compelled me to conclude that phantasy was not merely escapist, but a way of reaching new insights concerning the nature of reality. Scientific hypotheses require proof; works of art do not. Both are concerned with creating order, with making sense out of the world and our experience of it. (Storr, 1993, p. xii)The importance of self-esteem for creative expression appears to be almost beyond disproof. Without a high regard for himself the individual who is working in the frontiers of his field cannot trust himself to discriminate between the trivial and the significant. Without trust in his own powers the person seeking improved solutions or alternative theories has no basis for distinguishing the significant and profound innovation from the one that is merely different.... An essential component of the creative process, whether it be analysis, synthesis, or the development of a new perspective or more comprehensive theory, is the conviction that one's judgment in interpreting the events is to be trusted. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 59)In the daily stream of thought these four different stages [preparation; incubation; illumination or inspiration; and verification] constantly overlap each other as we explore different problems. An economist reading a Blue Book, a physiologist watching an experiment, or a business man going through his morning's letters, may at the same time be "incubating" on a problem which he proposed to himself a few days ago, be accumulating knowledge in "preparation" for a second problem, and be "verifying" his conclusions to a third problem. Even in exploring the same problem, the mind may be unconsciously incubating on one aspect of it, while it is consciously employed in preparing for or verifying another aspect. (Wallas, 1926, p. 81)he basic, bisociative pattern of the creative synthesis [is] the sudden interlocking of two previously unrelated skills, or matrices of thought. (Koestler, 1964, p. 121)11) The Earliest Stages in the Creative Process Involve a Commerce with DisorderEven to the creator himself, the earliest effort may seem to involve a commerce with disorder. For the creative order, which is an extension of life, is not an elaboration of the established, but a movement beyond the established, or at least a reorganization of it and often of elements not included in it. The first need is therefore to transcend the old order. Before any new order can be defined, the absolute power of the established, the hold upon us of what we know and are, must be broken. New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive that world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." (Ghiselin, 1985, p. 4)New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive our world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." Chaos and disorder are perhaps the wrong terms for that indeterminate fullness and activity of the inner life. For it is organic, dynamic, full of tension and tendency. What is absent from it, except in the decisive act of creation, is determination, fixity, and commitment to one resolution or another of the whole complex of its tensions. (Ghiselin, 1952, p. 13)[P]sychoanalysts have principally been concerned with the content of creative products, and with explaining content in terms of the artist's infantile past. They have paid less attention to examining why the artist chooses his particular activity to express, abreact or sublimate his emotions. In short, they have not made much distinction between art and neurosis; and, since the former is one of the blessings of mankind, whereas the latter is one of the curses, it seems a pity that they should not be better differentiated....Psychoanalysis, being fundamentally concerned with drive and motive, might have been expected to throw more light upon what impels the creative person that in fact it has. (Storr, 1993, pp. xvii, 3)A number of theoretical approaches were considered. Associative theory, as developed by Mednick (1962), gained some empirical support from the apparent validity of the Remote Associates Test, which was constructed on the basis of the theory.... Koestler's (1964) bisociative theory allows more complexity to mental organization than Mednick's associative theory, and postulates "associative contexts" or "frames of reference." He proposed that normal, non-creative, thought proceeds within particular contexts or frames and that the creative act involves linking together previously unconnected frames.... Simonton (1988) has developed associative notions further and explored the mathematical consequences of chance permutation of ideas....Like Koestler, Gruber (1980; Gruber and Davis, 1988) has based his analysis on case studies. He has focused especially on Darwin's development of the theory of evolution. Using piagetian notions, such as assimilation and accommodation, Gruber shows how Darwin's system of ideas changed very slowly over a period of many years. "Moments of insight," in Gruber's analysis, were the culminations of slow long-term processes.... Finally, the information-processing approach, as represented by Simon (1966) and Langley et al. (1987), was considered.... [Simon] points out the importance of good problem representations, both to ensure search is in an appropriate problem space and to aid in developing heuristic evaluations of possible research directions.... The work of Langley et al. (1987) demonstrates how such search processes, realized in computer programs, can indeed discover many basic laws of science from tables of raw data.... Boden (1990a, 1994) has stressed the importance of restructuring the problem space in creative work to develop new genres and paradigms in the arts and sciences. (Gilhooly, 1996, pp. 243-244; emphasis in original)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Creativity
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20 Semantics
There are people who maintain that there is no distinction between syntax and semantics, and there are others who lump the entire inference and "thought" component of an AI system under the label "semantics." Moreover, the philosophers, linguists, and programming language theorists have notions of semantics which are distinct from each other and from many of the notions of computational linguists and psychologists....First, let me set up two caricatures which I will call the Linguist and the Philosopher, without thereby asserting that all linguists fall into the first category or philosophers in the second. Both, however, represent strong traditions in their respective fields. The Linguist has the following view of semantics in linguistics: He is interested in characterizing the fact that the same sentence can sometimes mean different things, and some sentences mean nothing at all. He would like to find some notation in which to express the different things which a sentence can mean and some procedure for determining whether a sentence is "anomalous" (i.e., has no meanings). The Philosopher on the other hand is concerned with specifying the meaning of a formal notation rather than a natural language.... His notation is already unambiguous. What he is concerned with is determining when an expression in the notation is a "true" preposition (in some appropriate formal sense of truth) and when it is false.... Meaning for the Philosopher is not defined in terms of some other notation in which to represent different possible interpretations of a sentence, but he is interested in the conditions for truth of an already formal representation. (Woods, 1975, pp. 40-41)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Semantics
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